New Orleans Slave Trade
Further Reading
Primary Sources
Bell, Virginia. Federal Writers’ Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 16, Texas, Part 1, Adams-
Duhon. 1936. https://www.loc.gov/resource/mesn.161/?sp=68.
Berlin, Ira, Marc Favreau, and Steven F. Miller, eds. Remembering Slavery: African Americans Talk about Their Personal Experiences of Slavery and Emancipation. New York: New Press, 1996.
https://thenewpress.com/books/remembering-slavery
Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936–1938. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/collections/slave-narratives-from-the-federal-writers-project-1936-to-1938/about-this-collection/
Brown, John. Slave Life in Georgia: A Narrative of the Life, Sufferings, and Escape of John Brown, a Fugitive Slave, Now in England. London: W. M. Watts, 1855. http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/jbrown/jbrown.html
Brown, William Wells. Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave. Boston: The Antislavery Office, 1847. Reprint, Mineola, NY: Dover, 2003.
http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brown47/menu.html
Garlic, Delia. Federal Writers’ Project: Slave Narrative Project, Vol. 1, Alabama, Aarons-Young. 1936–1937. https://www.loc.gov/resource/mesn.010/?sp=135.
Northup, Solomon. Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup, a Citizen of New York Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841, and Rescued in 1853. Auburn, NY: Derby and Miller, 1853. Reprint, Louisiana State University Press, 1968.
https://archive.org/details/twelveyearsslavenort
Secondary Sources
Ball, Edward. “Retracing Slavery’s Trail of Tears,” Smithsonian Magazine (November 2015): 58–82.
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/slavery-trail-of-tears-180956968/
Baptist, Edward E. The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism. New York: Basic Books, 2014.
https://www.basicbooks.com/titles/edward-e-baptist/the-half-has-never-been-told/9780465097685/
Berry, Daina Ramey. The Price for Their Pound of Flesh: The Value of the Enslaved, from Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation. Boston: Beacon Press, 2017.
http://www.beacon.org/The-Price-for-Their-Pound-of-Flesh-P1227.aspx
Buchanan, Thomas C. Black Life on the Mississippi: Slaves, Free Blacks, and the Western Steamboat World. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
https://www.uncpress.org/book/9780807858134/black-life-on-the-mississippi/
Deyle, Steven. Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
https://global.oup.com/academic/product/carry-me-back-9780195310191?cc=us&lang=en&
Evans, Freddi Williams. Congo Square: African Roots in New Orleans. Lafayette: University of Louisiana at Lafayette Press, 2011.
http://www.ulpress.org/item_119/Congo-Square.php
Freudenberger, Herman and Jonathan B. Pritchett. “The Domestic United States Slave Trade: New Evidence.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21, no. 3 (Winter 1991): 447–77. http://www.jstor.org/stable/204955.
Gudmestad, Robert H. A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003.
https://lsupress.org/books/detail/a-troublesome-commerce/
Hall, Gwendolyn Midlo. Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992.
https://lsupress.org/books/detail/a-troublesome-commerce/
Heier, Jan Richard. “Accounting for the Business of Suffering: A Study of the Antebellum Richmond, Virginia, Slave Trade.” Abacus 46, no. 1 (March 2010): 60–83. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1467-6281.2010.00306.x
Johnson, Rashauna. Slavery’s Metropolis: Unfree Labor in New Orleans during the Age of
Revolutions. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/slaverys-metropolis/40469AB30465025FFBE1C4E959A55083
Johnson, Walter, ed. The Chattel Principle: Internal Slave Trades in the Americas. New Haven,
CT: Yale University Press, 2004.
https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300103557/chattel-principle
Johnson, Walter. River of Dark Dreams: Slavery and Empire in the Cotton Kingdom. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2013.
http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674045552
Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.
http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674005396
Kenny, Stephen C. “‘A Dictate of Both Interest and Mercy’? Slave Hospitals in the Antebellum South.” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 65, no. 1 (January 2010): 1–47.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/24631845
McInnis, Maurie D. Slaves Waiting for Sale: Abolitionist Art and the American Slave Trade. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo12024387.html
Pargas, Damian Alan. Slavery and Forced Migration in the Antebellum South. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/slavery-and-forced-migration-in-the-antebellum-south/D5AD7A266969F7778B997A118EC1FADC
Rothman, Adam. Beyond Freedom’s Reach: A Kidnapping in the Twilight of Slavery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.
http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674368125
Rothman, Adam. Slave Country: American Expansion and the Origins of the Deep South. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.
http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674024168
Schafer, Judith Kelleher. Slavery, the Civil Law, and the Supreme Court of Louisiana. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994.
https://lsupress.org/books/detail/slavery-the-civil-law-and-the-supreme-court-of-louisiana/
Schermerhorn, Calvin. The Business of Slavery and the Rise of American Capitalism, 1815–1860. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.
https://yalebooks.yale.edu/book/9780300192001/business-slavery-and-rise-american-capitalism-1815-1860
Schermerhorn, Calvin. Money over Mastery, Family over Freedom: Slavery in the Antebellum Upper South. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.
https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/content/money-over-mastery-family-over-freedom
Sublette, Ned and Constance Sublette. The American Slave Coast: A History of the Slave-Breeding Industry. Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2016.
http://www.chicagoreviewpress.com/american-slave-coast--the-products-9781613748206.php
Tadman, Michael. Speculators and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.
https://uwpress.wisc.edu/books/0383.htm
Williams, Heather Andrea. Help Me to Find My People: The African American Search for Family Lost in Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
https://www.uncpress.org/book/9781469628363/help-me-to-find-my-people/
Yuhl, Stephanie E. “Hidden in Plain Sight: Centering the Domestic Slave Trade in American Public History.” Journal of Southern History 79, no. 3 (August 2013): 593–624.
http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/89592601/hidden-plain-sight-centering-domestic-slave-trade-american-public-history
Home page: New Orleans Slave Trade logo and image by Freda Paz, the Calling Card | Norman’s Plan of New Orleans and Environs; 1849, hand-colored engraving by Shields and Hammond, engravers; Benjamin Moore Norman, publisher; The Historic New Orleans Collection, gift of Boyd Cruise, 1952.29
The Beginning: The New Orleans Slave Trade: Algiers Point, seen from Mississippi River levee; 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection | Manifest of the brig Ajax; 1835; courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration, Fort Worth, Texas
The Transatlantic Slave Trade to Louisiana: Carte de la Barbarie de la Nigritie et de la Guinée; 1745; engraving by Philippe Buache; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 2012.0219.3
The Merieult House: Merieult House; 2009; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection | Merieult House courtyard; 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection
The 1808 Ban and the Rise of the Domestic Trade: American Slaves; by William Henry Brooke, engraver; engraving from The Slave States of America, vol. 2; London: Fisher, Son and Company, 1842; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 2014.0450.2
Exceptions to the Rule: Slaves Arriving from Cuba: A Map of the West-Indies or the Islands of America in the North Sea; 1715; engraving by Herman Moll, cartographer; Thomas Bowles, publisher; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 2015.0203.1 | A View of New Orleans Taken from the Plantation of Marigny; 1803; aquatint with etching and watercolor by John L. Boqueta de Woiseri; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1958.42
Slavery’s Expansion: Sugar, Cotton, Land: An act to prohibit the importation of slaves into any port or place within the jurisdiction of the United States…, Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Printed Ephemera Collection | “Cotton Gins...the machine invented by Eli Whitney, for ginning cotton, politely sent to us from the U.S. Patent Office,” Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Printed Ephemera Collection | Carte De L'Adjonction Progressive des Divers États au Territoires Et A L'Union Constitutionnelle Des États-Unis De L'Amérique Du Nord; 1825; hand-colored engraving by J. A. C. Buchon, delineator; Carey & Lea, publisher; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1970.7
The Cabildo: Cabildo (front view); 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection | L’Ami des Lois; April 23, 1811; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 80-68-L | Cabildo arcade; 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection | L’Ami des Lois; April 23, 1811; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 80-68-L | Cabildo arcade; 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection
Coffeehouses and Commerce: L’Ami des Lois; April 30, 1811; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 80-68-L
Tremoulet’s Coffee-House and Maspero’s Exchange: L’Ami des Lois; October 19, 1811; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 80-68-L
William Wells Brown: Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave (frontispiece and titlepage); by William Wells Brown; Boston: Antislavery Office, 1847; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 2014.0199 | For New Orleans…; Louisville Courier Steam Job Press, between 1854 and 1858; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1950.22
Hewlett’s Exchange: Hewlett and Raspiller auction notice for the sale of twenty-four slaves from the Iberville Parish estate of Jonathan Erwin; 1838; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 73-701-L
St. Louis Hotel: Former St. Louis Hotel façade; 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection | Sale of Estates, Pictures and Slaves in the Rotunda, New Orleans; by William Henry Brooke, engraver; engraving with watercolor from The Slave States of America, vol. 1; London: Fisher and Son, 1842; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1974.25.23.4 | B. Blache auction notice for the sale of thirty-eight slaves formerly attached to John Richardson’s City Hotel; 1838; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 55-26-L | Old Slave Block in St. Louis Hotel, New Orleans; 1906; photoprint by Detroit Publishing Company; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1974.25.29.131 | Old Slave Block in St. Louis Hotel; 1914; postcard by Aemegraph Company, printer; The Historic New Orleans Collection, gift of Alan Freedman and Patricia Mysza of the Midwest Center for Justice, Evanston, Illinois, 2015.0127.1
John Brown: Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Manuscripts, Archives and Rare Books Division, The New York Public Library. “John Brown.” New York Public Library Digital Collections. http://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dc-4927-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99 | Slave-Pen at New Orleans—before the Auction; wood engraving from Harper’s Weekly, January 24, 1863; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1958.43.24
Taking Sick: Health Care and the Slave Trade: Advertisement for Touro Infirmary; from Cohen’s New Orleans Directory for 1853; New Orleans: Office of the Daily Delta, 1852; The Historic New Orleans Collection, gift of Mrs. William K. Christovich, 98-173-RL
1829 City Ordinance: Louisiana Courier, April 1, 1829. America’s Historical Newspapers. | City of New Orleans map; 1829; engraving by Francis Barber Ogden, cartographer; Peter Maverick, engraver; The Historic New Orleans Collection, bequest of Richard Koch, 1971.21 i-v
Esplanade and Chartres: Compound of Theophilus Freeman and Solomon Northup Marker: Esplanade and Chartres; 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection | Plan of a Fine Property, Third District; February 8, 1866; watercolor and ink by Louis H. Pilié and Jacques Nicolas de Pouilly, draftsmen; courtesy of the Notarial Archives Division, Clerk of Civil District Court, Parish of Orleans, plan book 35, folio 64 | Notarized act of sale of Harry, aged about twenty; Platt [Solomon Northup], aged about twenty-three; and Dradey, aged about twenty, by Theophilus Freeman of New Orleans to William Prince Ford of Rapides Parish; June 23, 1841; courtesy of the Notarial Archives Division, Clerk of
Civil District Court, Parish of Orleans | New Orleans Bee, December 30, 1846; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 85-79-L | New Orleans Daily Crescent, April 20, 1862; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 81-71-L
Solomon Northup Remembers Freeman’s Slave Yard: Twelve Years a Slave (frontispiece); by Solomon Northup; London: Miller, Orton, and Mulligan, 1854 (first British edition); The Historic New Orleans Collection, 72-87-L.8
Solomon Northup: Twelve Years a Slave (title page); by Solomon Northup; London: Miller, Orton, and Mulligan, 1854 (first British edition); The Historic New Orleans Collection, 72-87-L.8
Franklin and Armfield Compound: Corner of Esplanade and Royal; 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection
Delia Garlic: Delia Garlic, Age 100; between 1936 and 1938; Library of Congress, Manuscript Division
Esplanade Avenue and the World of the Trade: J.B. Soubiran Grocery Store, downriver side of Esplanade Street; between 1857 and 1860; salted paper print mounted on board by Jay Dearborn Edwards; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1982.167.11
Resistance to Slavery and the Slave Trade: Louisiana State Gazette, August 28, 1826; Louisiana Division / City Archives, New Orleans Public Library
Exchange Alley: Notaries: Exchange Alley, N.O.; between 1867 and 1873 by Marie Adrien Persac; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1950.39
Financing and Facilitating the Trade: Advertisement for Union Bank of Louisiana; between 1833 and 1838 by Robert W. Fishbourne; The Historic New Orleans Collection, gift of Mr. and Mrs. Albert Lieutaud, 1957.73.3 i-iii
Banks’ Arcade: 300 Block of Magazine Street, 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection | Banks Arcade, 1838; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1950.10.4 i–iv | J. A. Beard and May auction notice for the sale of 178 slaves from the Avoyelles Parish estates of William M. Lambeth; New Orleans: Bulletin Job Office, 1855; The Historic New Orleans Collection 86-1997-RL
156–157 Common Street, New Orleans Slave Depot: Common Street at Baronne, 2018; photograph by Melissa Carrier, staff photographer, The Historic New Orleans Collection | New Orleans Daily Crescent, December 22, 1856; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 84-41-L | Plan of 2 Lots and Buildings, 4t District; April 14, 1855; watercolor and ink by Pietro Gauldi; Notarial Archives Division, Clerk of Civil District Court, Parish of Orleans, plan book 10, folio 14 | The Daily Picayune, April 29, 1853; The Historic New Orleans Collection, 81-24-L
Congo Square: The Bamboula; 1886 photomechanical print with watercolor by Edward Windsor Kemble, The Historic New Orleans Collection, 1974.25.23.54